There are many possible causes of mental retardation, but the most common are infections that develop in an unborn baby or soon after birth. Other causes are increasing as a proportion of cases, perhaps due to rising maternal age, which is associated with several syndromic forms of mental retardation. Women's becoming a mother at an early age leads the child to mental illness. There is a possibility of mental retardation due to diseases like mentally dengue, typhyed, Sncephalitis, meningities paralysis etc. Mental retardation is also known as intellectual disability or cognitive disability. The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD), in its Journal of Mental Deficiency (1973, p.11) defined Mental Retardation (retardness) as "significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour, and manifested . The developing brain is vulnerable to these insults during all the identifiable stages of brain development. The established risk factors for MR include: [3] Various genetic disorders (e.g. Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair of . Intellectual Disability: Levels, Causes, and Outlook In the past, the term mental retardation was used to describe this condition. What causes mental retardation? - Answers Mental retardation is defined as IQ score below 70 to 75. • Toxoplasmosis • It causes mild or severe mental retardation and, in severe cases, hydrocephalus, seizures, microcephaly, and chorioretinitis. Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and formerly mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. You lack time to write a good essay yourself. It makes a person have below-average intelligence. There are various known causes of mental retardation, including genetic disorders, maternal infections, psychosocial conditions, drug exposure, and environmental chemical exposure. Read further to learn more on the same. Kirchhoff M, Gerdes T, Brunebjerg S. Investigation of patients with mental retardation and dysmorphic features using comparative genomic hybridization and subtelomeric multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification. Mental retardation is not a single disorder, syndrome, or clinical entity.Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the organism.Older etiological (causal) classifications have proved to be too crude for present-day use. Mental retardation is also known as an intellectual disorder. Intellectual disability is a condition diagnosed before age 18 that includes below-average intellectual function and a lack of skills necessary for daily living. Mental retardation is not a single disorder, syndrome, or clinical entity.Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the organism.Older etiological (causal) classifications have proved to be too crude for present-day use. A head injury like a blunt blow with immense force can also . There are many causes of mental retardation. Giving birth to a child is, perhaps, the most significant event in the life of almost any woman. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Mental Retardation . Intellectual abilities depend to a great degree on the integrity of the CNS. But if Essay On Causes Of Mental Retardation you Essay On Causes Of Mental Retardation need a good reason to ask someone for assistance, check this list first: You lack experience in academic writing. Adaptive skills are the skills needed for daily life. Pathophysiology: The Pathophysiology of Mental Retardation depends on the cause; early diagnosis and prompt treatment may particularly important in cases involving an identifiable and possibly correctable cause such as phenylketonuria (PKU), malnutrition, or child abuse. More than 500 genetic diseases are associated with mental retardation. Causes of Mental Retardation B. Perinatal (during birth) mental retardation may occur by: - Intrauterine Disorders such as maternal anemia, premature delivery, abnormal presentation, umbilical cord accidents and multiple gestations in the case of twins, triplets, quadruplets and other types of multiple births. Causes of Mental Retardation. Mental retardation is caused by a disorder of the brain that can occur due to several factors, including: Injury, for example, due to a traffic accident or while exercising. These children come from unstable, poor, and often disrupted backgrounds. Mentally retarded children may take longer . Mental Retardation is a condition wherein a person has certain limitation or difficulty in mental functioning and skills such as language skills, writing and social skill. One of these is the division into primary or endogenous cases, which are presumably due to heredity . Mental retardation is caused by a number of different factors. They face serious learning difficulties. Mental retardation is the most common cause of speech delay, accounting for more than 50 percent of cases.8 A mentally retarded child demonstrates global language delay and . Mental retardation (MR) is defined as an overall intelligence quotient lower than 70, associated with functional deficit in adaptive behavior, such as daily-living skills, social skills and communication. What causes mental retardation. In the last post, we discussed the causes of mental retardation - genetic causes, hereditary, trauma, and environmental aspects. The abnormal expansion of this triplet leads to hypermethylation and consequent sil … Among genetic disorders, Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are the commonest causes of mental retardation. 1 Overview. They lack intellectual stimulation, inferior . 3 Classification. Introduction. Causes of mental retardation are numerous and include genetic and environmental factors. There may be more than 1,000 genetic causes alone, and yet these may account for fewer than half of cases. FXS is estimated to affect 1 in 2,500 males and 1 in 8,000 females. • Herpes Simplex • The herpes simplex virus can be transmitted transplacentally, although the most common mode of infection is during birth. (2001). Since ID causes disability, appropriate measures should be taken to . One of these is the division into primary or endogenous cases, which are presumably due to heredity . Differential diagnosis refers to the process by which a clinically significant problem or set of symptoms is evaluated and distinguished from other conditions, usually associated with similar clinical features. Causes of mental retardation include fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect; brain damage caused by the use of prescription or illegal drugs during pregnancy; brain injury and disease; and genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. causes of the patients' retardation, the diag­ . It is defined as a level of intellectual functioning (as measured by standard intelligence tests ) that is well below average and results in significant limitations in the person's daily living skills (adaptive functioning). These difficulties will cause the person to develop more slowly than the normal child. It is known as intellectual disability. The Arc of the United States. An infection of the brain's layers (meningitis) or brain fever that causes swelling in the brain (Encephalitis) can cause mental retardation and irreversible brain damage. It should be kept in mind, however, that the term mental retardation de-scribes . Blood group incompatibility and immature liver function are the most common sources. 7 Epidemiology and Demographics. Only among exogenous hazards is known more than 400 agents, the effect of which during pregnancy can disrupt the processes of embryogenesis. Mental retardation is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. Diagnosis usually is made after a period of suspicion. over fifty (50) to become socially adequate and occupationally competent with the help of special education facilities." 4. 2. In at least 30 to 50 percent of cases, physicians are unable to determine etiology despite thorough evaluation. MENTAL RETARDATION RESEARCH CENTERS Release Date: April 30, 1998 RFA: HD-98-010 P.T. Mental Retardation: Causes and Prevention. Mental retardation (MR) is defined as an overall intelligence quotient lower than 70, associated with functional deficit in adaptive behavior, such as daily-living skills, social skills and . Causes of Mental Retardation 8 Risk Factors. Causes of mental retardation. 4: 50-58. What Causes Mental Retardation In Children? The first major category of causes of mild mental retardation is referred to globally as organic factors. FXS is estimated to affect 1 in 2,500 males and 1 in 8,000 females. FXS is estimated to affect 1 in 2,500 males and 1 in 8,000 females. Talk to our Chatbot to narrow down your search. Individuals with a diagnosis of Severe MR generally obtain IQ scores below 20-25 [1, 3, 4]. cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities. Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, which is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence, i.e. The occurrence of a disturbance in the condition or development of the brain is the cause of someone suffering from mental retardation. This causes profound retardation and microcephaly. • Microcephaly, mental retardation, intracranial . It takes time and involvement of many parties to help retarded patients mentally adapt to their conditions. The incidence of mental retardation in the world is 3.4-24.6 per 1000 people. Mental Retardation Symptom Checker: Possible causes include Klinefelter Syndrome. Prevention of Mental Retardation: Four Decades of Research. Mental retardation (MR) is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. Genetic abnormalities, maternal illnesses, psychosocial circumstances, drug exposure, and ambient chemical exposure are all known causes of mental retardation. areas covered are (1) genetic causes of mental retardation, (2) disorders of gestation, (3) birth injury, (4) general considerations of postnatal causes of mental retardation, (5) general pathological aspects, (6 . You lack the motivation to research the topic. What causes mental retardation? "For every individual with mental retardation, there are some risk factors, or some combination of risk factors, that are probably causative," Coulter . Intellectual disability (ID), once called mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. 5 Causes. Causes of Mental Retardation Not all the causes of mental retardation are known; however, more than 200 have been identified, and many others are suspected. of mental retardation, inadequacies and variations in classification schemes used, confusion of terminology, and cultural variability in demands and expectations for human performance are only a few of the artifacts that preclude valid comparisons. Within and among countries, . The American Association on Mental Retardation gives the following definition: [2] Mental retardation (MR) refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. 4 Pathophysiology. The incidence of mental retardation in the world is 3.4-24.6 per 1000 people. Causes of mental retardation. Nat Genet. Profound Mental Retardation (MR) is defined by the presence of significantly sub average general intellectual functioning as well as significant limitations in adaptive functioning present prior to the age of 18 years. In the case of mental retardation, many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders can mimic or accompany the mental retardation diagnosis. Among genetic disorders, Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are the commonest causes of mental retardation. Down's Syndrome, phenylketonuria) Certain maternal infections during pregnancy (e . MENTAL RETARDATION. Individuals with mental retardation may possess distinguishable facial features. Underdevelopment of the brain can be a consequence of the influence of many factors. These problems can happen while the baby is growing inside his or her mom, during the baby's birth, or after the baby is born. A tough situation for most people to deal with, there is a constant research going on about its causes. Due to lack of proper care of diseases occurring in children, it also causes mental retardation. That includes; abnormal gene mixes from parents, errors when genes combine, overexposure to x-rays, and many more reasons. Contents. Last Revised 3/1/11 Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited form of mental retardation. 1995 Feb. 9(2):132-40. . Down Syndrome is an example of a chromosomal . There are many different causes of mental retardation, both biological and environmental. Mental retardation is caused by a number of different factors. Public Law 88-164, Title I, Part A authorized construction of mental retardation research centers. This video explains the prenatal causes of mental retardation such as:Down syndromeKlinefelter syndromeFragile X syndromeWilliam SyndromePrader Willi syndrom. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited form of mental retardation. According to modern scientific ideas, the concept of "mental retardation" has a collective meaning, which combines the most different in their origin forms of pathology of mental activity. In this article we will discuss about the causes and problem of mental retardation. Pathophysiology: The Pathophysiology of Mental Retardation depends on the cause; early diagnosis and prompt treatment may particularly important in cases involving an identifiable and possibly correctable cause such as phenylketonuria (PKU), malnutrition, or child abuse. Causes of mental retardation are numerous and include genetic and environmental factors. Intellectual disability is a condition in which your brain doesn't develop properly or function within the normal range. When that event occurs superficially brain recovers but the cellular structural organization . Diagnosis usually is made after a period of suspicion. When a cause is identified, ways to prevent the debilitating effects of cognitive . In as many as half of people with mental retardation, the cause is not known at all. Sociodemographic factors played a key role across all levels of mental retardation. Mental Retardation (MR) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a significant impairment of cognitive and development due to abnormalities in the structure or function of brain. Mental retardation has been categorized into severe mental retardation where genetics plays a very important role and mild mental retardation, in which genetics in some instances plays a role but in which cultural factors also matter a great deal. Some of the known causes of mental retardation (MR) include genetic abnormalities, exposure to toxins, many types of infections, malnutrition, brain trauma, and even extreme postnatal neglect. of mental retardation, inadequacies and variations in classification schemes used, confusion of terminology, and cultural variability in demands and expectations for human performance are only a few of the artifacts that preclude valid comparisons. Though today women often prefer to follow a career rather than give birth to children, the majority of young mothers state that it is a life-changing experience. Prior to our recent explosion of knowledge about genes, chromosomes, and or renewed interest in disabilities, an older view of mental retardation held that that the majority of mild mental retardation was a result of a deficient environment . The pathogenetic, clinical and behavioral characteri … Mental retardation (intellectual disabilities) happen because the brain gets injured or a problem prevents the brain from developing normally. "Mental deficiency is characterized by inadequate intellectual of functioning in adaptive, associative and learning power, yet sufficient with I.Q. Diagnosis is highly dependent on a comprehensive personal and . You lack knowledge in the discussed subject. data from recent comprehensive studies of the pathology of mental retardation are assembled, including material on etiology, morphology, biochemistry, and laboratory diagnosis. Birthweight less than 1000 g was associated with the highest individual-level risk, but the . Causes of Mental Retardation. Only among exogenous hazards is known more than 400 agents, the effect of which during pregnancy can disrupt the processes of embryogenesis. What is profound mental retardation? One cause of mental retardation is of genetic conditions. It is defined as an intellectual functioning level (as measured by standard tests for intelligence quotient) that is well below average and significant limitations in daily living skills (adaptive functioning). We applied a public health approach to the study of mental retardation by providing a basic descriptive epidemiological analysis using a large statewide linked birth and public school record database (N = 327,831). The children who have mental retardation resulting from this cause can only be diagnosed after starting school. Those who have mental retardation have a difficult time communicating, taking care of themselves, getting along in social situations […] Causes of mental retardation. Mental retardation is a condition diagnosed before age 18 that includes below-average general intellectual function, and a lack of the skills necessary for daily living. 2 Historical Perspective. السلام علیکم ورحمت اللہ وبرکاتہمزید اسلامی ویڈیوز دیکھنے کے لیے البلاغ ٹی وی کو سبسکرائب کیجیےجزاک اللہ . Underdevelopment of the brain can be a consequence of the influence of many factors. Mental retardation is caused by many factors; many of these are known, but others remain unidentified (The Arc, 2005). Mental retardation is caused by a number of different factors. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. Currently, it is widely referred to as "intellectual disability (ID)" and "intellectual developmental disorders (IDDs)." . Mental Retardation refers to the lack of mental ability or the skills to perform the day-to-day living. Hyperbilirubinemia, which is a common occurrence in the neonatal period, is toxic to the brain cells and causes damage of the brain, sensorineural hearing loss and mental retardation. Silver Spring, MD. What we need to comprehend here is mental retardation is caused by when the brain undergoes some serious trauma or injury. A variety of biomedical causes can disrupt this integ-rity and start the process leading to mental retardation. There are many different possible causes of mental retardation, otherwise referred to as impaired mental development, impaired intellectual development, impaired social development, impaired socio . Check the full list of possible causes and conditions now! 1. Causes of Mental Retardation Genetical - 21 Trisomy- Down Syndrome- Mongolism and other chromosomal abnormality.Nutritional - Iodine deficiency / poor gestational nutrition.Obstetrical birth injuries of head - poor APGAR score at birth.Some infections of brain - tubercular meningitis, viral (rubella), protozoal (toxoplasma) etc.Severe . Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation. People having an intellectual disability can learn . Key signs in adults include demonstrated deficits in logical thinking, inability to generalize and difficulty with abstract thinking. Learn about symptoms and causes. 6 Differentiating Mental retardation from other Diseases. Causes and Prevention of Mental Retardation. During pregnancy, several maternal illnesses can occur (e.g. In other cases, chromosome abnormalities are at fault. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Letter of Intent Receipt Date: June 12, 1998 Application Receipt Date: July 30, 1998 PURPOSE The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), through the Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch (MRDD), Center for . The link between the identification of specific causes of mental retardation and the development and implementation of preventive measures is clear. Causes of mental retardation. In about 5% of cases, retardation is transmitted genetically, usually through chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome or fragile X syndrome. In at least 30 to 50 percent of cases, physicians are unable to determine etiology despite thorough evaluation (Baird & Sadovnick, 1985). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited form of mental retardation. Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome and hypothyroidism. Among genetic disorders, Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are the commonest causes of mental retardation. Causes of Mental Retardation Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation . Sometimes referred to as intellectual disability, mental retardation has always been one of biggest causes of concern in terms of medical concerns. Intellectual disability. 3. Diagnosis of mental retardation is made if an individual has an intellectual functioning level well below average and significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas. Within and among countries, . Some causes of mental retardation are decreasing, as medical advances, such as vaccination, increases. . Prevent-ing Mental Retardation: A Guide to the Causes of Mental Retardation and Strategies for Preven-tion. Mental retardation is a developmental disorder and is associated with significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. The disorder is mainly caused by the expansion of the trinucleotide sequence CGG located in the 5' UTR of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. The Causes of Mental Retardation Based on present knowledge the causal factors in mental retardation may be divided into two broad categories: (1) mental retardation caused by incompletely understood psychological, environmental, or genetic factors without any evident damage of the brain; and (2) mental retardation caused by a number of Alexander, D. (1998). Cough, chickenpox, measles, Hib disease may cause mental retardation if not treated on time and adequately. The detection of subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements in idiopathic mental retardation. The primary objective of the NICHD Mental Retardation Research Centers is to provide support and facilities for a cohesive, interdisciplinary program of research and research training in mental retardation and related aspects of human development. "Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind existing before the age of 18 years whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury." According to American Association on Mental Deficiency, The known causes can be placed into five categories: • Genetic Irregularities - for example x-ray exposure, incompatibility of genes inherited from parents, Rh blood factor Mental Retardation: Meaning, Causes, Prevention And Treatment. It starts before age 18 and is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas: Therefore, it indicates the lack of mental ability to adapt quickly to a situation or circumstances. rubella) The following are some of the known risk factors for MR: Down's Syndrome, phenylketonuria, and other genetic diseases. causes of the patients' retardation, the diag­ . 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