These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. In the spring of 2015, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs warned England’s citizens about “blood rain”- rain mixed with red sand and light dirt particles carried by wind more than 2,000 miles from Sahara Desert to England. Effects of Erosion. Fig. alarming levels of soil erosion in Tanzania, Negative Effects of Overgrazing for Native Species, Why Is Biodiversity Important to Ecosystems, 200,000 hectares of land in the Philippines, heavy metals, agricultural chemicals and other contaminants. fragmenting the landscape and making it difficult for people and cattle to move around safely. Soil erosion is an ongoing process that affects each site in a slightly different way. The island loses to deforestation-induced erosion around 400 tons of topsoil per hectare [6]. Soil erosion is an unfathomable enemy that often goes unnoticed right in front of our eyes and slowly eat away the most precious resource we have – our soil. Our goal is to inspire people to change their attitudes and behaviors toward a more sustainable life. Climate change is likely to affect soil erosion by water through its effect on rainfall intensity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover, and patterns of land use. In some locations, spaces between buildings create pathways for wind that magnify its erosive power. Cities are also characteristic with large amounts of impervious surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate into the ground at all. Flowing water bodies such as rivers or streams put continuous pressure on the walls and the bottom of their channel. Once a small erosive process takes place, it makes the surface vulnerable to consecutive erosive events. Plants and trees help stabilize soils and protect them from the direct exposure to rain or wind. Soil erosion adversely hinders the growth of plants, agricultural yields, quality of water, and recreation. According to a scientific study in Sahara desert, sand dunes can move by 50 to 295 feet throughout one year. Unfortunately, some countries experience the problem more than others. If we will not take necessary steps to prevent the accelerating loss of our precious soils, there might come a time when we will not be able to produce enough food to feed growing population or harvest natural resources that require soils as a medium for growth. Greentumble is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The most visually noticeable effect is soil erosion. The outcome are deep gullies (up to 26 feet!) Excess water, especially during rainy seasons and when the snow melts, gets trapped by the sediment and has nowhere to go except back on land. Tucker has a BA and holds Ohio teaching credentials. Grain by grain, sand and dirt is picked up by wind from mismanaged lands and pushed farther and farther into new territories, slowly swallowing remaining vegetation and turning the area into the wasteland. Soil erosion is a global issue and we can see its traits everywhere we go. Vegetation and top soil layers are removed and high amounts of waste from the deep layers are brought up to the surface where they often remain deposited without any further management, even though they usually contain various mineral deposits that can create a toxic cocktail after the exposure to water and oxygen. Numerous cases from the past could help describe how agriculture contributes to soil erosion, but perhaps one of the best examples is the ‘Dust Bowl’ that turn nearly 150 million acres of land into a dry and dusty wasteland in the North America’s Midwest and Southern Great Plains in 1930s [7]. Topsoil is the most valuable, because it is nutrient-rich and feeds both seeds and plants. For example, a small village Napakiak has lost in one single storm 50 feet of its shoreline to erosion [9]. lower end of this field is an indicator of sheet erosion. The most destructive force of a flowing body of water occurs during the period of floods. When topsoil erodes away, nutrient and organic material is lost and only compacted clayish soils with poor structure remain behind. Nearly 10 million hectares of arable land are lost to erosion and other forms of soil degradation every year [1]. The major off-site problem caused by erosion is the deposition of eroded soil, along with pollutants it picked up, into watercourses. This increases the surface runoff which washes off fragmented pieces of soil in between. The soil which erodes from our fields will also settle into our rivers, lakes, … With some areas getting more frequently heavy rains and other areas suffering of prolonged droughts, the risk of erosion is expected to rise around the world. SOIL EROSION AND ITS EFFECTS July 22, 2012 The loss of trees, which anchor the soil with their roots, causes widespread erosion throughout the tropics. Soil particles are washed off into rivers, giving water a specific red color and leaving patches of eroded red dirt dispersed all over the land. Tourism and recreational activities often damage ecosystems, especially if the number of tourists in a given area is greater than the ecosystem capacity to deal with it. Flowing water gradually tears down river banks, stripping away parts of surrounding land and undermining its stability. Degraded land cannot support these essential soil functions or growth of vegetation, and therefore, renders affected land unsuitable for cultivation. A very common practice in intensive agriculture to offset the declining yield from eroded soils is to add synthetic fertilizers which supply some of the lost nutrients. The implications of soil erosion by water extend beyond the removal of valuable topsoil. The heavy layers of sediment keep streams and rivers from flowing smoothly, eventually leading to flooding. The rate of erosion in forests is naturally very low because complex root systems of trees anchor the soil in place and fallen leaves or other green material offers a protective cover. This is another reason why maintaining good soil health should be our priority. Once soil erosion occurs, it is more likely to happen again. What is the key to their success?https://t.co/179Z5AnYTw pic.twitter.com/Qw7hXuBBQK. This happens because inclined surfaces do not absorb water as well as straight surfaces. It is in the topsoil where large pores and soil aggregates form, allowing for proper water infiltration and aeration. The deposition of silt in water courses often obstructs their natural path. Wind erosion does not only leave behind nutrient deprived soils that cannot support living vegetation, and thus make the situation even worse, but it also leads to a more serious problem in the long term – desertification. Additionally, large-scale erosion accelerated by climate change threatens numerous coastal communities in Alaska. But during the deforestation when forests are clear cut or burned down in the ‘slash-and-burn’ practice, soil stability is disturbed. A common problem of degraded lands is a sealing of the soil surface. This is a global problem. Grain yields were lowest on the upper slopes and increased steadily-through mid-slopes to maximum values on the lower or foot slope. Without healthy soils life cannot exist. In addition to erosion, soil quality is affected by other aspects of agriculture. It also shields a soil from raindrops and breaks down the wind before it can reach the soil with the full power. In general, the susceptibility to erosion increases with the steepness and the length of the slope. It pollutes our waterways. Air pollution can lead to human health problems such as asthma which is directly linked to airborne dust. Soil erosion is an important cause of land degradation, productivity decline and ecological deterioration, which is the result of various factors, such as rainfall, topography, soil and vegetation (Fu et al., 2011, Pimentel et al., 1995).Soil erosion by water occurs in different forms: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion (Osman, 2014, Wang et al., 2015). The weight of vehicles and soil erosion are taking a heavy toll on roads in Morrumbala district, Zambézia, where rehabilitation works cost 20 million meticais annually. This creates a direct path for erosive processes to redistribute all this (noxious) material to distant locations and remodel already severely damaged landscape. Land that was previously a home to lush forests and prospering ecosystems is turned into lifeless swaths of mud and post-mining craters filled with water that was pumped there under pressure to help uncover amber deposits underneath. Deforested areas turn into arable lands or overgrazed pastures lose their ability to effectively capture and retain water. Mudslides occur when fine sand, clay, silt, organic matter and soil spill off the sides of hills and slopes as a result of the force and energy of heavy rainfall. Such negative impacts to aquatic ecosystems can also ultimately impact any species that prey on those aquatic species that are intolerant to turbid waters, potentially impacting the whole food chain of entire ecosystems. Land use, soil type, and topography are the other key factors. After the event, scientists sought after the cause of this unusually strong event and found out that the sedimentation rates in the river are highest they have ever been – all due to erosion happening on large areas of recently deforested land [16]. Impaired soil productivity. Erosion by soil- in soil erosion, living organisms are more responsible for erosion, because organisms which dwell there, break up the soil which helps wind, land to erode the land. Let us know if you liked this article. This minimizes water infiltration and causes a myriad of changes to local hydrology. Over the past 10 years, vast areas of Tanzanian landscape suffered extensive damage due to erosion caused by vegetation loss combined with climatic factors – long periods of drought are subsequently followed by heavy rains during the rainy season. Runoff washes away … The cumulative effect of erosion on soil properties that are important to productivity and grain yields were examined. This is a common problem in many countries with rainforests. over the years. In fact, wind erosion has been displacing more than 40 tons of soil from each hectare of cultivated land throughout the past 30 years. This leaves behind weak and vulnerable crops that cannot provide sufficient yield. It also sends soil-laden water downstream, which can create heavy layers of sediment that prevent streams and rivers from flowing smoothly and can eventually lead to flooding. Soil erosion occurs when upper layers of soil are removed from their original location in the process that is either slow and goes unnoticed for long periods of time or can be sudden and cause immediate damage (for example: appearance of a rill in the middle of a crop field after heavy rain). This runoff occurs quickly, so there's not enough time for the surface to reabsorb or trap the eroding soil, according to Envirothon, a program of the National Conservation Foundation and North America's largest high school environmental education competition. We can observe the formation of a small channel (rill) created by running water after the storm. With the same ease and frequency as sand dunes move, light particles of dirt and dust can get carried by wind in many vulnerable areas. Erosion from the wind causes particles of soil to become suspended in the air. Loss of Topsoil. Climate change comes with many changes for our planet and the environment. Increasing sediment loads can block rivers and dams, eventually leading to mud floods and further damage to surrounding ecosystems and built structures. This layer is rich in the essential nutrients required by the plants and the soil. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the yearly cost of fixing the damage caused by sedimentation rises as high as $US 16 billion in the United States. Urbanization changes the landscape in many ways that encourage erosion and make it worse over the time. And as you can imagine, the steeper and the longer the hill is, more velocity and force this water gains. Mongolia is one of the countries with a high vulnerability to desertification. Sedimentation which is out of 70 percent brought about by human-induced erosion [15]. One dust storm creating a wall of 2 miles and traveling over 2,000 miles even reached the New York City, giving the first-hand experience of powerful erosive forces to its residents [8]. The soil erosion mechanisms have an effect on how much water the soil can hold, how rapidly water flows over the soil, and its movement below surface. 30 percent of the previous year's crop residue, World Wildlife Fund: Soil Erosion and Degradation, Envirothon: Soil Erosion Causes and Effects, United States Environmental Protection Agency: Soil Preparation, Iowa State University: Soil Erosion -- An Agricultural Production Challenge, Thomson Reuters Foundation: Erosion a Huge Contributor to Flood Disasters. Erosion by wind- actually in dry areas, what happens is; particles suspended in air are carried away by the wind passing by, causing erosion. Soil erosion by water is more widespread and its impact greater than that by wind. Erosion causes a loss of productive top-soil, a deposition of infertile sand on productive fields, a silting of reservoirs, and a lowering of the ground-water table. Water is one of the strongest erosive agents that has a great potential to disturb the soil surface. Additional problem is the pollution of drinking water supply, which requires extra investment into removing impurities and making water suitable for drinking again. Some of the world’s largest mines cut as deep as 0.75 miles into the earth’s surface and spread over an area of more than 2,000 acres [5]. Soil erosion impacts the agricultural industry as well as the natural environment. There are numerous cases describing its suffocating effects. This leads to the increased surface runoff, which initiates the following forms of erosion. Erosion by wind or water is greatly responsible for nearly 85 percent of soil degradation throughout the world [13]. This type of erosion depletes organic matter in soil, making it less suitable for planting and harvesting crops or for the natural production of vegetation. Water pollutants result in poor water quality -- including the quality of drinking water if the pollutants aren't removed before consumption. High levels of algae remove too much oxygen from the water, resulting in the death of aquatic animals and reduced fish populations, according to the World Wildlife Fund. The lifetime of these reservoirs has been therefore significantly shortened [18]. Washing away of productive soil. When erosion takes place, soil particles get loosen by water, wind or gravitational pull and can be easily carried away by the repeated action of these forces. Or the force of water gives rise to the formation of small rills that can eventually develop into gullies. Where will the famous Mongolian nomads graze their large herds of livestock then? Its effects can be seen directly in the location where erosion takes place, known as on-site effects, and at the site where the eroded soil deposits – off-site. Only erosion gradually removes the last pieces of soil that could harbor new life. The main objective of this paper is to simulate the effects of soil erosion on river water quality and on agricultural production as a result of the transformation of forestlands in the catchment of the upstream Phong River. High levels of algae remove too much oxygen from the water, resulting in the death of aquatic animals and reduced fish populations, according to the World Wildlife Fund. The flow of wind or water can displace both topsoil and deeper dirt, which leads to shifting nutrients and resources. Sand dunes consisting of fine sand particles are the best example of the wind-induced movement of the upper soil layer. The top-soil is the most important soil layer for crop growth because most of the plant roots are in this layer. Erosion by wind is a common sight in dry and barren areas where vegetation doesn’t hold soils in place. Such a high rate of erosion, worsened by climate change, threatens to turn 90 percent of the Mongolian territory into a desert [12]. Pesticides and other chemicals can get trapped in soil, polluting streams and rivers as the soil breaks apart. When rainforests are cut to make space for crops, valuable topsoil erodes away under the pressure of heavy rains and crop yields decline in a very short period of time. In some cases decline in soil quality, especially the weakening of structural units, precedes erosion. When it rains, most of the rainwater runs down the hill. Despite the access to modern technology and modelling tools, erosion still unpleasantly surprises many project designers. The same scenario happens when off-road biking, horse riding, having fun with ATVs or parking cars on the side of the road. Unless protective measures are taken, the land will suffer even more damage with every new rainfall. 1. Without having space large enough, animals also repeatedly trample the vegetation and soil, triggering its further degradation and making the plant recovery more difficult. High amounts of rapidly moving water are capable of tearing and removing large pieces of land and sediments. In many cases, erosion is the first step that starts the irreversible transformation of the landscape into the barren desert. Neither will we be able to enjoy the crucial ecosystem services soils perform for us, such as filtration of rainwater to be suitable for drinking and a completion of nutrient cycles. It is so much soil that it doesn’t go unnoticed. Researchers found out that loosen piles of earth removed from construction projects degrade more than 10 times faster than normal soils. We are working hard to improve our content. Wind often picks up fine particles of sand, silt and organic matter and buries or breaks seedlings, while exposing seeds or plant roots in other places. Loess Plateau in China is infamous for the world’s highest erosion rates. Deforestation -- the removal of trees to create room for cities and farming -- erodes soil. Depending on the duration and intensity of a rainfall, soils can exhibit signs of one of the four forms of the damage, including: Starting with the minor soil disruption caused by the impact of falling raindrops, splash erosion moves around small particles in the upper soil layer. For example, researchers from the Plymouth University in the United Kingdom were appointed to investigate alarming levels of soil erosion in Tanzania. In addition to the increased sedimentation of waterways, the pollution of w… You can be the one who takes over this task and becomes the facilitator of the change for better soils. Soil erosion eats away the top soil which is the fertile layer of the land and also the component that supports … Extreme events accompanied by floods, land-slides and debris flow also take their toll on the health of our soils. Although this occurs naturally, degraded, drier soils are more susceptible to wind erosion causing an increase in overall air pollution in certain areas. When large groups of animals feed from one area, the vegetation cannot naturally regenerate and will start dying. The amount and intensity of precipitation, number of windy days, wind power, droughts, flooding or sudden weather changes. We are going to see the causes and effects of soil erosion and the ways to prevent it. Obviously, this is the biggest effect of soil erosion. Inexperienced farmers settled in the area and in the hope of making profit from increased prices of wheat, turn millions of acres of native grassland into heavily tilled fields. Sedimentation also leads to the excessive growth of algae, as sunlight can get through the sediment. When an area gets flooded, most of the vegetation is stripped away, which leaves originally covered soils fully exposed to the erosive force of rain. Introduction. Higher surface runoff then swells water streams to bigger size and floods become more frequent and extensive even in areas where they haven’t occurred ever before. With previously cultivated lands turning into deserts, many communities across the world are losing their only chance of providing enough food for themselves or their livestock. As a result of erosion over the past 40 years, 30 percent of the world's arable land has become unproductive. We can see the effect of this after heavy rains when small water streams find their way down a hiking trail. Reduction of soil fertility; Repeated erosion washes away the topsoil. If soils get saturated with water after prolonged periods of intensive rain, their capacity to absorb water decreases. The polluted rain was expected to contribute to poor outdoor air quality that might result in respiratory problems [17]. A new study backed by the United Nations estimates that one third of all the land is severely degraded worldwide [14]. Wind-blown dust particles do not harm only the health of people and animals, they also damage young plants and crops. Only a minority of areas have good soils, which after clearing are quickly washed away by the heavy rains. This increases the risk of flooding and further enhances erosion of water banks, since the water seeks the way to flow around a newly created obstruction. The site of destruction is left behind without anyone taking care of the damage. Effects of Soil Erosion on the Environment Rattan Lal, from the School of Natural Resources at The Ohio State University, describes the condition as such: “Soil erosion exacerbates soil degradation and vice versa. Soil structure solution. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), erosion degrades 200,000 hectares of land in the Philippines every year and 114 million hectares get destroyed in India. The negative effects of soil erosion have a domino effect on wildlife. Read more about us. Copyright 2021 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. These wind-blown particles then deposit somewhere else – very often in the least suitable places like roads, crop fields or private properties. 1.6 billion tons of soil are washed off into the Yellow River from the plateau every year. Agricultural fertilizers can cause eutrophication and mass dying of aquatic life. Sedimentation also leads to the excessive growth of algae, as sunlight can get through the sediment. 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