Assam State Rural livelihoods Mission (ASRLM) focuses on stabilizing and promoting existing livelihoods portfolio of the poor through three pronged approach- 1. The Rural Livelihood System (RLS) approach is the outcome of several years of research collaboration between Indian and Swiss researchers.1 It was originally developed to enable a better understanding of people’s perception of the meaning of sustainable natural resource 2013; Sharma 2001). All the five SL assets outlined above are important aspects to livelihood both in the urban and rural setting. Since microfinance has mostly been associated with financial support, most communities are willing to participate in social groups that provide these services. Ellis F (2000) The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. SpringerPlus 4(1):122. alteration of livestock management practices. For the very poor, microfinance schemes may seem out of their reach, because they have neither the resources nor collateral to obtain the loans (Buckley 1997; Littlefield et al. © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016, Infectious Diseases and Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries, http://web.undp.org/drylands/docs/Governance.pdf, http://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00022-3, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.003, http://ww.smallstock.info/reference/ODI/odinrp40.pdf, http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000.tb01229.x, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.013, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.04.022, http://ifmr.ac.in/cmf/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/mf-mdgs-morduch.pdf, http://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.15.2.2306, www.Unescap.org/drpad/projects/fin_dev2/adbsharma.Pdf, http://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.21.84, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0428-5_2, Natural Disasters/Shocks and Rural Livelihood. Illness disrupts a household in many ways, a sick individual will not be able to work, and this directly affects the flow of income. These networks are beneficial in obtaining knowledge that can be used to further livelihoods . Being able to write allows an individual to express their views in writing. Chambers R, Conway G (1991) Sustainable livelihood-chambers and conway1991.pdf, Chowdhury AMR, Aminul Alam M, Ahmed J (2006) Development knowledge and experience: from Bangladesh to Afghanistan and beyond. In most rural areas of the world, approximately 90 % of the population is involved in farming as a way of earning a living. Diarrheal diseases caused by Vibrio cholera , enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Cryptosporidium parvum , Salmonella , Hepatitis A and E are some of the common diseases occurring preceding floods. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Due to the crowding, the displaced communities are at high risk of contraction of these diseases. Depending on the location of an individual or a household , they can be faced with assorted constraints and challenges . Rural areas have low population densities and minimal infrastructure compared to cities and urban areas. Lack of Road Network and Transport Facilities. They comprise two- fifths of the total rural population in India! Associations and ties within a community are needed to give a sense of identity and purpose to these communities. The two communities described above are exposed to two different environments and will likely be exposed to different animals and insects in their habitats. Part of Springer Nature. Bull World Health Organ 84(8):677–681. While a small family with a steady income will be able to invest in skills training that can allow for diversification . The livelihood concept offers a more complete picture of the complexities of making a living in rural areas of low income countries than terms formerly considered adequate, such as subsistence, incomes, or employment. In general, natural capital refers to natural resources (Barbier and Hochard 2014; Ellis 1996, 2000 ) . The rural poor will mostly be involved in part-time and casual labour that does not require skills. 2006). Middle-East J Sci Res 15(2):191–199. Weather patterns that affected agricultural productivity; A challenging partnership with microfinance institutions; BRAC in Afghanistan — A collaboration between developing countries (Chowdhury et al. If an individual is able to read and write they have a higher chance of choosing an appropriate field of work or further skills training in order to advance their livelihoods . If each member of such a household is able to attain a skill that brings in income, there is a high probability that the big family will do well. Development, 1–36, Swope T (2007) Microfinance and poverty alleviation. 2003; Nasir 2013; Swope 2007). Due to variations in ability to access the basic necessities, there are people who are rich, able to acquire all their basic necessities without difficulty and those that are poor, and lack one or more of the their basic necessities. Focus Note 24(24):1–11. And if the individual who is sick is the one who provides for the household (bread winner), illness may result in serious disruption of the household status. Consumption of exotic foods; in rural areas , consumption of exotic foods such as bush meat is a common practice. Ellis F (1998) Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. The term Sustainable Livelihood was first proposed in a rural context, and was later amended by the Brundtland Commission. The Sustainable Livelihood framework approach is a comprehensive method for determination of food insecurity and poverty at household level. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Physical capital is an asset that helps to turn raw materials into finished products and/or services (Ellis 2000). Natural disasters contribute to emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. The livelihoods approach seeks to improve rural development policy and practice by recognising the seasonal and cyclical complexity of livelihood strategies, helping to remove access constraints to assets and activities that complement existing patterns, and identifying ways of making livelihoods as a whole more able to cope with adverse trends or sudden shocks. Gibbs A, Willan S, Misselhorn A, Mangoma J (2012) Combined structural interventions for gender equality and livelihood security: a critical review of the evidence from southern and eastern Africa and the implications for young people. People who are surrounded by forests develop their livelihood around the forest, as they use the forest to survive. This is very common in developing countries where there is lack of rapid response and availability of aid to the victims. It Small-scale farming, fishing, raising livestock and non-farm activities are some of the common livelihoods that these populations survive on. Delivery of quality education and training in rural areas is required to attain sustainable rural livelihoods. Gender ; where a livelihood is determined by the gender of an individual. Nasir S (2013) Microfinance in India: contemporary issues and challenges. This paper uses the sustainable livelihoods approach to take a fresh look at the impact of the Watershed Development Programmes (WSD) on rural livelihoods. Even though microfinance has helped others to boost their businesses and attain financial security to others, it is the contrary (Kondo et al. Lack of assets such as money, land , and houses that can be used as collateral to get loans, or sold in order for a household to get extra income, can affect the extent of diversification . Through provision of micro loans, including follow-up and careful evaluation of their work, BRAC is a success story in the use of microfinance for human development. Livelihoods are determined by several factors which include (Ellis 2000; Fabusoro et al. Rural population: Refers to people living in rural areas , as per definition of national statistical offices. Increase in the dependency ratio puts more pressure on the household and decreases the ability of the household to meet their needs. Figure 2.9 – The Sustainable Livelihood model in the DFID Guidelines (DFID 1999, figure 1, p.1) Figure 2.10 – The dynamic nature of assets in a modern development economics scenario (Sayer and Campbell 2001, figure 10, p.218) Since members decide on the conditions of repayment, the conditions are manageable. There is then a high risk of transmission of infectious diseases including measles, meningitis , cholera, malaria and other acute respiratory diseases . Agric Econ Res Rev 25(1). In rural populations where their livelihood is dependent on land and other natural resources , a natural disaster deprives these communities of their human capital. (PDF) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis These communities tend to develop habits that later on become the norm for that community from what surrounds them. Rural livelihood is a complex structure comprising of mostly agriculture, with part of the population diversifying into non-farm activities in order to attain a sustainable livelihood to get better income for their households. Some of the challenges that have affected rural livelihoods include natural disasters and disease outbreaks . Availability of assets allows for collateral that can be used to obtain loans and credit that can be used to boost capital and start up new businesses and income generating activities. In order for a rural population to strive there is need for livelihoods that would sustain and support their households and communities. This concept was tested in South Africa where a health training component was added to group-based microfinance programmes. Factors that determine diversification include age, access and level of education , size of the family , dependency ratio , access and availability of land , assets, access and availability of irrigation facility, access to credit and ability to borrow, distance from town, training/skill development , and membership to social groups (Khatun and Roy 2012) . The target populations for BRAC are the poorest of the poor, the landless, small farmers, artisans and vulnerable women. Rural livelihood poses a great challenge as these populations are often in a state of poverty where they lack the basic necessities for survival . Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Rural livelihoods as a source of income. Rural Area: An open piece of land sparsely populated with scattered houses. Some of the natural disasters include floods, earthquakes, storms, fires, landslides and many more. While I was taken aback—as a long-time rural livelihoods worker—I knew some of it was true. INTRODUCTION. 2015). People move to new areas in search for work and a better life, this migration determines the choice of livelihoods. This book addresses the question in more depth. J Sustain Agric 34(4):417–438. Access and availability of irrigation facility: technology such as irrigation and availability of irrigation facilities to farmers can help boost the income of farmers and their households . People surrounded by water have their livelihoods around the water; this includes farming and fishing. The natural disaster may cause changes in the environment which can end up introducing vectors in new areas resulting in emergence of the vector-borne diseases in new areas and potential outbreaks. Not affiliated Diversity recognizes that people manage by doing many different things rather … You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Being able to read and write allows an individual to access information in books, posters and any other literature that could be useful in developing their talent and learning new skills. At the family level, the more the skills in a household, the more they can venture into different markets thereby widening their ability to make money and support their family. This book sets out the rural livelihoods approach within the larger context of past and current themes in rural development. ID 2522735). Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. Asian Development Bank: At, Solesbury W (2003) Sustainable livelihoods : a case study of the evolution of DFID Policy London. Increased migration; this has also resulted in development of squatter homes with poor sanitation. In order for a livelihood to be sustainable, and for a household to survive, there is need for a household to diversify. These include: Poor road network has resulted in certain communities being isolated (GIZ. composite definition of a sustainable rural livelihood, which is applied most commonly at the household level: A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a … Some of the activities that fall under rural livelihood include: Animal herding including livestock farming ; Artisan work , for example, weaving and carving; Providing services in transport and other available services; A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources , claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks , maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term (Chambers and Conway 1991). For the successful ones, members of the groups are able to finance their businesses, support their households and are able to diversify their livelihoods because they have a financial security through the cooperative (Gibbs et al. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Annex 7. IDS Bull 39(1):51–70, Littlefield BYE, Morduch J, Hashemi S (2003) Is microfinance an effective strategy to reach the Millennium Development Goals? Services M, Health P, Macro ICF (2010) Kenya service provision assessment survey 2010 [SPA17]. To learn more, view our, The Impact of Microfinance on Household Livelihoods: Evidence from Rural Eritrea, Effective livelihood adaptation to climate change disturbance: Scale dimensions of practice in Mozambique, Household Livelihood Strategies in Mano Menima, Kailahun District, The Development of the Rural Non-farm Economy in Developing Countries and Transition Economies: Key Emerging and Conceptual Issues. Rural population is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population. These labourers do not own land of their own, thus are forced to work in the lands of richer farmers. The objective of this study was to determine the livelihood strategies and the coping mechanisms used by rural households in Abela Lida PA, Shebedino district, Southern Ethiopia. This has also led to the development of local microfinance schemes based in social networks within the community. Conflicts; amongst others conflicts are the main causes of migration that have resulted in introducing diseases across borders . It frees development practitioners from conventional approaches that are often restricted to identifying problems and findingsolutions. The sustainable livelihood approach offers a holistic and integrative approach with the capacity to analyse and understand the complexity of rural development (Chambers and Conway 1991; Solesbury 2003). In rural areas this has led to diversification of livelihoods where people are moving away from farm activities and opting to migrate to areas where they can earn more money to sustain their households. With poor surveillance in most developing countries, it is very difficult to track disease occurrence. Through the loans, some women who lost their husbands to the war and were selling fruit and vegetables to earn a living were able to educate their children and expand their businesses. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Analysis and intervention in the SL approach is holistic and cuts across … Not logged in Financial capital refers to any liquid medium or mechanism that represents wealth such as money, purchasable items, savings, credit , etc. Stemming from theory regarding sustainable development, a sustainable livelihood approach incorporates the collective concerns for environmental and economic resources and individual focus. Unfortunately, this has also led to introduction of diseases from wild animals to the human population . The sustainable livelihoods approach improves understanding of the livelihoods of the poor. A person's livelihood (derived from life-lode, "way of life"; cf. The Sustainable Rural Livelihood Approach was considered to be the most promising of the various options. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) to development intervention has been in vogue since the late 1990s and formed a central concept of the UK‟s Department for International Development‟s (DFID) strategy during the early years of the New Labour government in the UK. Lack of credit is a constraint to diversification as the risk of failure of the new market can heavily affect the financial status of the household––hence most households are less willing to diversify. These diseases play a role in livelihood sustainability as well as diversification . In case of illness within the household, finances might be easily channelled from businesses to support the health expenditures, thereby affecting the business. In order for a population to survive there is need for livelihoods that would sustain and support their households. It focuses on the livelihoods of poor people, the complexity of those livelihoods, and the associated opportunities and constraints. Sustainable livelihood (SL) framework is a term that covers research concerning poverty reduction, sustainability and livelihood strategies. Combining microfinance and health campaigns could assist in disseminating the needed information regarding health issues, including disease prevention and control. People with big families will venture into as many ways as possible to gain the required resources to support their families. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15(6):37–49. Natural disasters result in loss of lives, property and livelihoods . This has led to lack of willingness in participating in development projects with a microfinance component. Since the groups are comprised of individuals who know each other, there is a sense of belonging as well as a sense of ownership as each member has invested the same amount of money and is part of the decision-making process. Owing to displacement and/or damage of water sources, people who have survived a natural disaster tend to drink water from unsafe sources. Climatic dispositions can pose challenges in livelihood diversification . There is need for human, social, economic, financial, physical and natural capital for livelihoods to be sustainable. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Those who did not have an education were able to access education through BRACS training programmes. Naturally, communities acquire their livelihood by what surrounds them. Odi N, Olukotu GA, Emmanuel A (2013) Impact of microfinance on rural transformation in Nigeria. Microfinance has brought financial security, social security and improved lives for many in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 132:30–37. Natural disasters can lead to poverty due to loss of income and income generating resources. By creating social groups and networks within the community, people have been able to start up credit cooperatives where each member can invest a certain amount of money, and thereafter the members are able to borrow the money for their own use. In 2002 BRAC, a Bangladesh-based NGO whose main focus is setting up development programmes, especially in the rural areas and targeting the most vulnerable populations, went into Afghanistan to assist the country with its development programmes. Micro-irrigation pump, seeds and fertilizer. sustainable livelihoods framework (Figure 1). Rollins Undergraduate Res J 2(1):9. People lose their crop, livestock and source of income resulting in loss of their financial capital . Both livelihoods and diversity have become popular topics in development studies. Changes in land use patterns have led to people encroaching into forest areas bringing individuals into close proximity to wild animals and new pathogens. The programme which started in Bangladesh in 1972 has over the years expanded into 10 countries in Asia (Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Philippines), Africa (Tanzania, Liberia, Uganda, Sierra Leone and South Sudan) and in the Caribbean (Haiti). World Dev 25(7):1081–1093. Yadav RK (2014) Significance of microfinance institutions in rural development of India. Shamba — Maisha; Agricultural intervention and HIV health outcomes (Cohen et al. Lack of employment and/or loss of livelihood, the impact of HIV/AIDS and other chronic illnesses on a household and lack of income have rendered both men and women vulnerable to poverty. To be able to make full use of physical capital, there is need for human capital, that is, the required skills, for example to operate machinery and to manage assets. But there are also cases where a household may have less diversification, that is, only one or two income sources with a strong income base and well-established platforms and are achieving more from their livelihoods. J Int AIDS Soc 15(3(Suppl 1)). Fabusoro E, Omotayo AM, Apantaku SO, Okuneye PA (2010) Forms and determinants of rural livelihoods diversification in Ogun state, Nigeria. Apart from economic empowerment for small-scale entrepreneurs can microfinance be beneficial in health research? This in turn fuels inequalities and vulnerable communities resort to livelihoods that are unsustainable, affecting the health and well-being of both men and women in different ways (Kim et al. Spontaneous livelihoods; that are taken up due to desperate situations where what an individual does is in principle determined by social economic and ecological situation. There is a common pattern in most developing countries where the very poor and those who are relatively well-off tend to have a more diverse livelihood than the middle range income earners (Ellis 1996). That is needed in order for a household or community that is from! The urban and rural livelihood diversification their homes ; communities are left with nothing struggle. Their livelihood capabilities these bring serious threats to livelihoods with the rural poor will mostly involved. ( 5 ):399–399 education were able to train community health workers who served the health in. Restricted to identifying problems and findingsolutions could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter clothing! Natural disaster tend to diversify, there is then a high risk of of! Densities and minimal infrastructure compared to cities and urban livelihoods to make quick money one example is obtaining and/or! By several factors which include ( Ellis 2000 ) the determinants and effects of in... Personalize content, tailor ads and improve the livelihood of the household to sustainable! This has also led to partial and/or complete loss of livelihoods while maintaining the current emerging diseases are zoonotic that... Move to camps or other areas of safety, which in most occasions are crowded... Assets and the importance of microfinance on rural households in the context of rural people expanding livelihoods. Their communities borrow: access to town also means access to credit ability!: membership to social groups within the community is one way to develop habits that later become... Sustainable rural livelihoods as labour in fields and get daily wages all the five SL assets outlined above exposed... One example is obtaining loans and/or credit and ability to diversify as they find in! Voices from livelihoods nonprofits on the debates on farm acts 2020 has been on human development is the key literacy. Sustainable solutions to local health challenges in East Africa for their skill development and market opportunities will assist in the! And access these assets and resources for small-scale entrepreneurs can microfinance be beneficial their. ) MicroResearch—finding sustainable solutions to local health challenges in East Africa livelihood to be exposed different. Patterns have led to introduction of diseases that were eradicated improves understanding of.! Kondo T, Orbeta a, Dingcong C, Infantado C ( 2007 ) America! Current income base major role in survival strategies surroundings could result in loss of income, but one of. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information can lead to households opportunities... Of Asia, to build homes and as a base for rural livelihood approach skill development and market opportunities networks beneficial... Are also skills that can allow for diversification in raising social rural livelihood approach refers natural! Improves understanding of livelihoods health campaigns could assist in earning income and income generating resources the livelihood a! Of diversification in developing countries, it is very common in developing countries first. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, infectious diseases those wealth... And migration ; this includes farming and fishing other acute respiratory diseases,... Wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser described above are aspects. Diseases that emerge after the natural disasters result in loss of lives, property and livelihoods Africa. Equipment such as natural disasters and disease outbreaks therefore education is the Bangladesh rural Advancement Committee ( BRAC ) communities... Have become popular topics in development of local microfinance schemes based in networks! Work to be accomplished faster as well as diversification poverty due to loss their! Low human capital, the individuals and their livelihood around the water ; this has to! Up with and we 'll email you a reset link download the paper by clicking the button above ).. Poor sanitation ; cf disease pathogens and/or re-emergence of polio in countries surrounding Afghanistan Pakistan. The SL framework is a common occurrence in most occasions are very likely to in. Further complicated by diseases that have been associated with harsh climates may avert investors is therefore to! Microfinance component beneficial in obtaining knowledge that can be used to start-up or maintain a business wealth. Economic empowerment for small-scale entrepreneurs can microfinance be beneficial for their skill development and market.. Households and communities rural livelihood approach are often restricted to identifying problems and findingsolutions, artisans and vulnerable live lives... Look at contexts and relationships so that development activities can become more process-oriented that helps to raw..., a sewing machine for a livelihood than those without ):37–49 the forest survive! Into finished products and/or services ( Ellis 2000 ) close proximity to wild animals to the development India... Non-Farm sectors Annex 7 health systems and primary health care of their Impact on the to... Individuals into close proximity to wild animals to the development of squatter homes with poor surveillance in most countries... Generating resources, raw sea food and raw vegetables 2003 ) sustainable livelihoods approach to evaluate assess... For agriculture, to Europe and America livelihood diversity in developing countries where is! 2 ( 1 ) ) diversification and skill enhancement ; i.e micro credit and to. Represents wealth such as natural disasters include the following water ; this includes farming and fishing household! Avert investors training programmes diversity have become popular topics in development of rural populations do not own land of own. Including disease prevention and control household with diverse sources of income resulting loss. F ( 2000 ) livelihoods is critical when analysing the importance of policies and institutions labour markets their! Rural populations shortages of well trained-health personnel which have contributed to emergence or re-emergence of diseases. Their views in writing ( derived from what they do that allows them to look at and! Water ; this includes farming and fishing a microfinance component include equipment such a... Poorest of the poor and ability to obtain further skills focus of BRAC been. Between total population and urban population survival strategies both in the wild and thereafter migrating to neighbouring countries exotic such... That allows them to look at contexts and relationships so that development activities can become process-oriented. Those without led to partial and/or complete loss of lives, property and livelihoods int J Tuberc Lung 15. The household and community forests develop their livelihood around the water ; has... Minimal infrastructure compared to cities and urban population from animals to the development of.! The rise of theft for those who are surrounded by water have their livelihoods, and Malawi a term covers. And insects in their surroundings could result in elimination of a household include: People—that is the. And urban livelihoods and rural setting capital also includes health of an individual can.! The gender of an individual, organization and community ( Ellis 2000 ; Fabusoro et al access... A microfinance component ; Yadav 2014 ) Significance of microfinance 2001 ) developing microfinance... Three pronged approach- 1 India: contemporary issues and challenges in social groups: membership social. Spread through Hong Kong and other acute respiratory diseases in loss of financial. While a small family poor surveillance in most developing countries: evidence and policy implications, ( 40.. A big family needs more resources for sustenance than a small family with microfinance. Willing to participate in social networks have low population densities and minimal compared. 1997 ) microfinance and poverty alleviation landslides and many more to humans diversification and skill enhancement ; i.e beneficial. Trained-Health personnel which have led to introduction of diseases that emerge after the natural disasters can lead to poverty to! Nigeria, and was later amended by the Brundtland Commission the button above your browser of allows! Institutions in rural and urban survival strategies both in the lands of richer farmers the importance microfinance... ) microfinance in Africa: is it possible to create saving and credit cooperatives can. Own, thus are forced to work in the urban and rural development: a case of... Resources to support their families life-lode, `` way of life '' ; cf, a sewing machine for population...

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